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12 Ocak 2013 Cumartesi

Intellectual Porperty Law Lecture Notes and Question-Answer


29 Eylül 2011


We started with an introduction lecture.

Trademark

What are trademarks? à Trademarks indicate the origin of the goods and services. Critical person is always you which is consumer. Trademarks send messages to consumer to purchase the goods and these trademarks gives you some clues to choose. The chooses are personal decisions.

Costumer confision is a critical term for trademark. You don’t want to get confused and your confusion is make the trademark looses the value.


The Case Louboutin
The red sole says you lots of thing like “I’m rich”… Lubotin saying I have a trademark which is indicating the origin of goods. In order to claim infringement of trademark you need a registered trademark. Louboutin registered the colour of red as a trademark. Sounds, noices, logos can be registered as trademarks. But colours are little bit different.

The chromatic band is not an appropriate trademark therefore I cannot infringe it.

Read the why it matter part of this case…

Hells Angels Case


Slayts

Page 1
·                       Unfair competition
o   What is it?
o   How does it relate to TM?
·                       US:
o   Common law: ownership is automatic as soon as it is first used in trade (coca cola example) or at the point secondary meaning is achieved
o   Federal TM statutes (Lanham Act)
§  Enhanced comman law protecetion
·         Assistance by US customs
·         Presumption of ownership and validity after 5 years of use after registration
·         Federal, nationawide application
§  Means of registerin nationally and seeking international proetection.

Check out what is innovent!!!

Page2
·                       Decree law 556 (1995)
o   The aim of the Decree-Law is to protect the trademarks registered in conformity with its provisions.
o   The Decree-Law encompasses the principles, the rules and the conditions for the protection of trademark.


Decree Law à KHK demek. The difference decree law and law is the origin. In turkey its Decree Law 556 is regulating the trademarks. It tells who can get trade mark in what condition and what is the results of the infringement of trademarks.

Page 3
·                       The protection conferred by the Decree-Law is available to natural and legal persons who are domiciled or who have industrial or commercial establishments within the territory of the Turkish Republic, or to the persons who have application rights resulting from the terms of the Paris or Bern Conventions or the Agreements Establishing World Trade Organization.

There is no international trademark, trademarks are domestically. If you want to have protection in another country You apply to TPE and after investigation enough they may be give you trade mark will be given to you in turkey but if want a trade markin US as well but you have to TPE to forward to countries you choose.

You produce Zoe shoes and go to the market and you use the mark for ™ . It shows that you haven’t yet registered. You apply to TPE (Turkish patent enstitute) and after they make their search if they say okay you got it now you can use ® as registered trademark.

We talked about if there is zoe restaurant and you want to produce some products such as zoe shoe then it is okay. But there is exception for really well known trademarks.

Page 4
·                       Trademark, provided that it is capable of distinguishing the goods and services of one undertaking from the goods and ser…

Page 5
·                       Trademarks. Goods manufactured by x from goods manufactured by y.
·                       Service marks: service must be sufficiently separate from the sale of goods: Service received at benetton or MCD’s?
·                       Certification marks: objective standard that certifies that goods or services have certain standards: ISO, CEE
·                       Collective marks: Co-ops (distinguish good of services of members from non members)
·                       Indication of origin

This slide may be a question because everyone said I got it.

Page 6 -Distinctivness
·                       A mark must be distinctive: so as to convey that one good is distinct from another
o   Attention: distinctive-suggestive,descriptive
·                       Hierarchy:
o   Inherently distinctivness:
§  Arbitrary or fanciful marks
·         Suggestive marks: indirectly describe a product or service they identify. There must be a material process by consumer to associate the mark with the description of the good (is suggesticve descriptive?)
o   Immagination and knowledge required to makes the link
§  Ex. Nanotego, blueray,Microsoft, Pegasus, coppertone
o   Will a competitior need to use it to describe their product
·         Acquired distinctivness (2nd meaning)
o   Descriptive:
§  Describes the product: “Fastauto”; “Automag”, “After tan”
§  Describe a geo location where the good is coming from
§  A persons name: How is “Simith’s Café” different from Hilton, Hyattor or MacDonald’s?
§  A mark commonly used in connection with the good
·         Generic: describes a class of goods or its genus (class) www, email, sedan, but also aspirin, escalator, thermos, yo-yo, zipper(loss of distinctivness)

This slide will be asked in the mid-term or final exam… these are good trademarks. Generic trems are not trademarkable (that bad)

Page 7 à 2nd meaning
·                       When the mark is seen by consumer not in its primary common, descripteve or name sense but there is an associaton of indication of source
·                       Mantaining distnctiveness: use as an adjective not a verb or a noun:
o   Do you have a Kleenex?
o   Fed ex me the contract
o   Do you have Gillette?
§  TR/US?

“What is secondary meaning?” is a classic exam question.

Page 8à Limitations
·                       Scandalous-immoral marks
·                       Disparage another: elvisisandidiot, bmwiscrap
·                       False suggestion of connction with persons or institutions
·                       Deceptive
o   Misdescribe a characteristic or statement of a character: “genuine Turkish French champagne”, Kobe beef steakhouse,
o   Deceptively similar: SONY-SUNY? Bose-Boz?
·                       Prior Use


Esra.bartin@inovent.com.tr’a mail atarak slaytları alabilirsiniz. Şimdi öğrendiğim için öncekileri yazmıştım ama artık gerek kalmadı. Yani bundan sonra slaytları alıp üstüne not tutarız. Adam olun şimdi…

06 Ekim 2011


Geçtiğimiz haftaların notları için Gamze Yelbey’in efe ciltteki notlarına bakabilirsiniz.

We have to finish trademarks and start to patents.


What is a trademark? What is its purpose? à The classic version is “trademarks indicate the origin of the goods and services.” Based in this associates a trademarks gives us a message… So you should remember the best trademarks. And how to do it… Remember the types…

What is the secondary meaning? à Mac Donalds etc… are actual people name. But then trademarks become so powerful and then the first meaning loses the meaning. à It will be an exam question.

Like selpak, jeep, and fed-ex, aspirin etc… These are not secondary meaning. This are generic words.

Slayt number 12.
Ip rights are rights. Freespeach is a right protected. Bad-fate infringers uselly tries to use the value of trademarks. Taking advantages of the value of another trademark. This is abusing their right.

What if I came up with coca cola as baverge ? à Consumers will be confused. And secondly trademark will be damaged by the bad reputation. Consumers have expectation from the trademarks like Rolex. So it will damage the trademarks. In infringements you receive a wrong massage.

--Technically speaking if there is no confusion, there is no infringement.

--Trademarks have really strong bases on unfair competition law.

Contributory infringement à if you act to infringe the trademark… yardımcı ihlalci. J

Slayt Number 13 of trademark

Godiva vs Dogiva remember the case for it.

For dilution you have to show damages not the confusion.

Slayt Number 14 of trademark

Somebody is infringing the trademark, what are the defenses? à How do you fight back? à Do you remember the goat and salat story or the playboy or teen story. You say it is not mineJ
The first defence is the you should never been given a trademark to that product. Like ihsan loran and loubeten case.

Second one is you are not using it. Why this is important? à If you just register a trademark without real product. Secondly a trademark gives a massage. What is the massage? à I am built by that company. But if there is no product or use then there is no message… This is why can be used in the suit. Because if there is no product then you cannot associate the product with the trademark.

When you file the trademark for registration, you are not using that trademark but you can register. If in five years you didn’t produce the real product then your trademark will be taken from you. (will be asked in exam)

How long a trademark continue? à 10 years in Turkey. After ten years you can renew it. So it is renewable.  (will be asked in exam)

If you stop using a trademark for a period, if the five years pass then you lose the trademark.

How can you abandon a trademark? à Eğer volswagen için türkiyedeki firmalar başka başka şeyler kullansalardı. Mesela doğuş grup yeşil arka plan kullansa filan. Ve eğer volswagen affirmative action yapmazsa kaybeder trademarkı…

Özetle ya senin trademarkı alamazdın yani olmaması lazım demek. Ya da var ama kullanmıyorsun dolayıyıssla hakkını kaybettin ya da biz bu hatayı yaparken sen affirmative action almadın demek.

Then there is a fair use… à You are saying yes I am using the trademark but you don’t have the right to sue me ;)

Slayttaki ilkià like you are writing an criticizing article like for BMW car.

Slaytta ikincià Nominative fair use: Davalı davacının markasına atıf yaparak kullanıyor. Mesela carfeur pınarın sütünün aynısını üretiyoruz biz derse. Bu nominative reference olur çünkü  there is no confusion.

Slayttaki üçüncü à Parody: Good parody does not cause confusion like, (this is based on free speech) The best case is PETA case… PETA (Peoplse Etical treatment animal) In this case PETA:com but (people eating teasting animals) and it pissed off the peta guys.

Slayt 14 trademark

What is cybersquatting? à  Squatters: gelip evine çökmek manasında mesela öğrenci evine gelen öğrenciler gibi…   Cybersquattingà using someone else trademark in a domain name and you wait. Then the trademark come to you and have to pay you to buy the domain name.

Anticybersquatting act (lanham act this is the trademark act at US)

WIPO is the UN for IP J World Intellectual Property Organization.

You should understand the domain name and trademark connection…

Iki şartı var geri almak için biri benzerlik ikincisi ise kötü niyet.
2.saat

Last slayt on trademark

There is no such a think international trademark, patent, copyright… what does it mean? à Like mavi jeans have to go to US trademark office to have trademark protection in US. But if you want to do it in 25 countries. This is difficult for the appliers.

This international trademark system does not create international trademark system but this is an easy way to apply to other countries trademark. With this organization you apply with one application file you apply for what countries protection and this organization send your file to other countries.

This is organization is WIPO. I always ask this bonus question “ where is the WIPO stated?” à In genova…

Patents


We have trademarks, patents and copyrights.

Patents are the hardest part of class. There is no such a think “ I got patent on my trademark.”

Patents are about inventions. In the first slide Micheal Jackson’s patent.

2. Slayt

Decree Law 551 (1995)

The first article is good.

3. Slayt

What is an invention? à Inventions solve problems. Invention is not a discovery. Inventions are technical solutions of technical problems.

What are the 3 requiremetns for patenets? à ınventions and patents are not always same thing. You have to take some steps to patent it.  Requirements novelty, inventive step, applicablility to industry.

Novelty is about being new. Absolute novelty à There shuldn’t be any written or oral disclosures . Mesela aidse çağre buldunuz. Fakat sonra gidip bir yerlerde anlattınız. Artık bunun patentini alamazsınız.Kesin yenilik yani asla başka biri konuşmamış yazmamış bulmamış olacak. Fakat relative novelty ise belirli bir yerde bir bağlantısı olması lazımdır.

Inventive step; the patent shouldn’t be obvious. Patent office look at the accumulated human knowledge

Applicability to industry à It’s very simple requirement. The appliciblity shouldn’t be impossible like proportional motion machine.

13 Ekim 2011


Usually exam formats short question and short answer… He really wants short answers… Answer the question in the order… 10 questions will be asked. Three requirements of patents, what is the delusion… etc… the difference between patent and trademark… 551 law…

Novelty: It should be new compare to known prior art. (prior technology)

Inventive Step: we don’t look it has been done but we look it could been done.

Applicability to industry: It can be done.

Page 6 of Patents:

We protect the product and/or methods. He will ask inventive step and process and machine protection part. Utility patent.

Page 8:

Enabling disclosure: the fact that people talk about it doesn’t make it prior art. To be prior art it should be written how to be done… Time Machine

Star wars: episode 4 à Obione carboni (something like that) First star wars 1977…

Time machine car à Dolare 1984

Can you patent an idea? à No, because… (classic exam question.)

What is the academic exception in the patents? Exception to the employee-employer rules in Turkey.

Exam question: he will give us a lot date and ask for when the patent protection over? à Just look for application date.

What the patent application contains? à Description…

àWhen you invent something you have 3 options; to be trade secret, patent, utility model…


Instead of going each country you can use international patent sytem called EPC or PCT and you have 12 monhts from the application at Turkey to apply to these system… And the protection given by the another country start at the same time with application date. So in that 12 months (to the date you apply) you have priority. We call this priorty period.

PCT system is not one application and one patent system. It is unified application but you get different patents. In EPC system your application is one and patent is one but it has to be transferred to every single country.

In exam we are responsible until to TRIPS.

What is the international patent systems?

What is the difference between inventive step and novelty ?

24 Kasım 2011


No class next week…

Patents protect invention. Do we have international protection for patents? à No. But if you would like international protection you use PCT and EPC

And we started TRIPS…

TRIPS means AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. It is an exam question. (Trade-Related Intellectual Properties)

TRIPS, EU lawdaki directiveler gibi. Yani en alt seviyeyi söylüyor altına inemezsin ama üstüne çıkabilirsin.

The difference between absolute novelty and relative novelty à China has relative novelty for the tree steps. China went to front of WTO because of it doesn’t fulfill the TRIPS about absolute novelty step.

WTO has also dispute resolution system. TRIPS yani çok güçlü bir ülkeye karşı küçük bir ülke arasında bir uyuşmazlık olunca alternative olarak küçük ülkeye sen de onun IP haklarını ihlal edebilirsin diyor.


COPYRIGHTS


We moved on to COPYRIGHTS

Copyrights protects movies, books,  music, software… (don’t forget software)

Copyright is kind of questioning do you have a right to copy?

Copyrights protect the express of idea not the idea itself. Mesela kitabı yazacağımı korumaz ama yazılan kitabı korur. Patentteki gibi düşünebilirsiniz.

Work is the output of something. (the answer of what is the work?)


Copyrights doesn’t have to be registered. But registration is optional. But if you registration proves the time to create that work. And registration office is the ministry of culture.

When the copyright of Orhan Pamuk’s  Kar book? à We don’t know that because he isn’t death yet.

In joint works every author should be death to count the time.

Works for hire expiry date is, date of creation not the from the date of death.

What is copyright? à Work of original authorship fixed on a tangible medium.

What is original mean? à It should be new. It should be creative. It should not be copied.

Creativity is relative word. So in short it has to be original.

Facts are kind of different.

“Deminimis rule” à It should be a little bit long. Not too short.

What is the fixation requirement? à Yani bir şiiri düşününce değil yazınca fixed yapmış olursunuz. Yani kalıcı olabilecek bir şeye kaydedilmesi gerekir. Fixation requirement is really broad but it has to be only tangible.

How long the fixation has to be? à It should be sufficiently permanent and stable to be perceived, communicated or copied. It should be more than transitory period.


What is we don’t protect under copyright? à Ideas, procedures, processes, systems, methods of operation, concepts, discoveries

Merger doctrine: when there is limited ways to express the idea… You don’t have any other way to express your idea.

Fictional Characters?  Can be copyrighted.

Who wrote james bond?  Bonus question.

What is first james bond? Bonus question.

Who is the first lady of France?

Compilations? à ya işte derlemelerin esas aldığı şeylerin copyrigth’ı bites bile o derlemeyi yapan kişinin o derlemesinin copyrightı vardır.

Derivative works: Based on pre-existing work. (Translations, Fictionalization, Movie of a Book, Only to the original work contributed by derivative author.) Mesela ingilizce bir kitabın copyright’ı bitse bile siz yine bunu çeviri yapsanız bunun çeviri hakkı devam eder. Ama başka biri kitabı kullanarak çeviriyi yeniden yapabilir.

08.12.2011

Yemeksepetinin sahıbı gelecek hacaabi…
GBA à Galata Business Angels…  (bonus question)
Indecent Proposal (he talked about this movie)
Derivative Works we just finished.
What Rights adlı slayttayız şimdi;
-distribute: yani dağıtılmasını istemediğiniz bir copyright hakkınızı başkalarının dağıtmasını engelleyebilirsiniz.
-publicly perform:  bir kitabın tiyatroda oynanmasını engelleyebilir yazar. Resimler dışı çünkü resimleri publicly perform edemezsiniz.
-public displays: architecture ise just outside of it. He didn’t tell the reason. But you cannot display of a sound. YOu can only transmiss the sound.
Cont adlı slayta geçtik;
Copyright owner have other rights. You have a right claim authorship.
Copying adlı slayt;
What is copy? à
What are the two thing that shows you copied something? à Access to original work and similarity. If there is no access then there is no copying. (exam)
(bonus questionàwhat is the deepest whole in the World? à marien falls.)
Copyright doesn’t protect the idea but the expression of the idea don’t forget this.

5 Aralık 2011

Hocanın e-mail adresi à omer.hiziroglu@inovent.com.tr
Hocanın stajeri olmak isteyen varsa hocaya CV (varsa) ile başvurabilirler. 15 ocağa kadar süreniz var. E-mailinizi staj başlığıyla atınız.
We stil in copyright. We will finish copyright and start little bit of licensing.
Copying Adlı slayttayız;
 What are the two thing that shows you copied something? à Access to original work and similarity. If there is no access then there is no copying.

First Sale Doctrine’deyiz;
The definition is à Copyright fallow an initial lawful transfer of title to the 3rd party…
What is lawful transfer of title? à sale, donation, inheritance.
What is unlawful transfer of title? à It could be stealing.
Mülkiyetin hukuki geçişi denilince ilk başta akla satış gelir genelde.
Copyrights are attached to the tangible products in general. Mesela bir liraya fotokopi çıkarabileceksiniz. Kitap 8 liradır. Ama sizing 7 lira daha fazla vermenizin sebebi o kitap numunesi için copyright’ıda satın almanızdır.
Siz bir kitabı alınca o kitap sizin olur.  Siz isterseniz o kitabı yakabilirsiniz. Sonuçta sizindir. Peki kitabı fotokopi çektirebilir misiniz? à Hayır çünkü onu satma ihtimaliniz vardır. Ve bu copyright’I ihmaldir.
Ama siz fotokopi çekmeden kitabın aslını verirseniz ne olur? Copyright o somut maddeye yani tangible material’a iliştiğinden onunla birlikte geçer ve siz onu arkadaşınıza verebilirsiniz. Çünkü first sale doctrine buna izin veriyor. Çünkü her copyright her kitaba yada tangible maddeye ilişmiştir. (attached) Ve siz kitabı bir kez alınca o kitap için o copyright’I da alırsınız ve kitabı başkasına da satabilirsiniz isterseniz kullandırabilirsiniz de. Ama ayrıca yeni bir varlık olan fotokopi oluşturamazsınız. Yani First sale doctrine has two faces. The first one is you cannot make a new product (like fotocopy) but on the other hand you get the copyright so you can do whatever you want like you can keep it, you can sell it.
Slaytlarda olmayana birşey; Sony Betamax case. DVD ve VCD’lerden once videotapes ler vardı. Betamax ve başka birşey daha vardı. Sony betamax’I yapabiliyordu. Ve sony kimseye vermiyordu lisansını. TV producers started to sue sony because with betamax you could copy the TV programs. Sony said what can I do. Ama onların karşı argümanı ise şuydu; sony bu insanların copyright infiringement yapmasına yardım ediyor dedi hatta sebep oluyor dedi ama bunun için sony’nin bu infringement için ürettiğini ispatlaması gerekiyordu. Sony ise biz sadece timeshifting için ürettik dedi ayni başka zaman daha sonar izleyebilmeleri için ürettik dedi. Karşı taraf ise dedi ki ama işte bir kaç kez izliyorlar başkalarına veriyorlar dediler. Ama asıl dedikler şey millet reklamları geçiyordu dediler.
Rentals? à Siz biyerden dvd kiraladığınızda 1 haftanız oluyor. Peki siz bunu başkalarına verirseniz burada first sale doctrine uygulanır mı? Hayır çünkü there is no lawful transfer of title.
Cinemas? à Tiyartrolarda size aslında verilen şey o belirli sürede o koltuğu kiralıyorlar. Aslında o anlık satıyorlar gibi…
İnfringment adlı slayttayız;
Contributory infringement; betamax’taki örnekteki gibi eğer sizin ilk amacınız insanların ihlal etmesi değilse suçlu olmayabilirsiniz. Ama eğer ilk amacınız insanların infringement etmesine yardımcı olmaksa contributory infringemetn’tan sorumlu olmalısınız. Mesela eğer siz dvd’lerin kopyalanmasını engelleyen kodları kırmak için bir program yaparsnız contributory infringement yapmış olursunuz.
Safe Harbor provision à Actual notice of there is an infringement [Olay şu youtube mesela youtube’a bir çok şey yükleniyor. Ama neden youtube sorumlu olmuyor? Çünkü safe harbor provision’dan dolayı. Yani şimdi eğer sen dersen ki youtube olarak ben infringement olduğunu bildiğim yada bilmem gerektiği zamanda hemen o hak ihlalini kaldıracağım. Yani kısaca videoyu kaldıracağım dersen işin sonunda contributory infringement’dan sorumlu olmazsın. Ama uymazsna bu safe harbor provisionsa o zaman contributory infringement yapmış olursun.

Fair use adlı slayttayız;
Fair use is a defence. You are being sued by copyright infringement. In this defence You accept that you did infringe but you have a right to do that. Ve hoca listelemiş hangi kurallarda olacağını. Burada dikkat etmeniz işin bokunu çıkramamış yani yaklaşık olarak hepsini kullanmamak gibidir. Yani siz belli bir kısmını kullanabilirsiniz izin almadan yada para ödemeden ama bunun için bazı amaçlarınız olacaktır.
Reverse engineering ; şimdi software’larda şöyle oluyor. Bazı kodlar açık kod oluyor ama bazıları copyrighted kodlar oluyor. Şimdi sizing o kodları açmanız infringementtır fakat eğer siz o copyrighted olmayan açık kodlara ulaşmak için yapıyorsunuz. İşte bu durumda fair use defence is applicable.

2. Saat
Licensing OF IP ‘ye geçtik.
En önemli kısmıdır bu dersin.
CIPO à Cheaf IP officer.
Did any of you was a part of licensing contract? à Yes you do. Microsoft. Facebook. Linkedin.
Licensing Agreement adlı slayttayız;
What is a License? à A promise not to sue for infringement. In general in exchange of money but we call it ROYALTY. In this there is no transfer of title. The title always remain at the owner. Maybe the usage of thing can be transferred but the title always remains at owner.
In the tradesecret, can you license a tradesecret? à yes you can but it is just more harder to keep it secret if you license but it is possible with the confidential clauses.
Can you license a geographic indicators like Şampanya, Amasya elmasındaki amasya? à no. Because you cannot license someone who is not producing wankling wine in Shampain so in the nature of that you cannot do that.
2. licensing Agreement adlı slayttayız;
There is two parties in the licensing agreement. Licensor who is giving license, licensee who purchase the license.
Why is licensing is important? à you can enter in the new market (businesses), you can get money from your product (like Playboy gets %10 of its profit from licensing its logo (trademark), you can get money for your investment(licensing patents))
Licensing can be mandatory? Sometimes you have to license because of law. In Turkey you have to license a patent in certain conditions. Like you have to use your patent otherwise you have to license or court force you to give your license to licensee.

22 Aralık 2011


Licensing Agreements adlı slayttayız.
Bu slayt is the most practical slayt. This is very basic of what a licensing should include…
A license is a promise from licensor not to sue the licensee in the exchange of money.
We have two type of licenses. Exclusive license excludes everybody else. One person only can get in the IP garden. So this is exclusive license. So what is non-exclusive license? à more then one licensees…
Alman bir şirket bir teknoloji üretiyor. Sonra onu amerikalı çok büyük bir şirkete satıyor. Ama exclusive license olarak veriyor. Ve düşünüyorlar ki bu gelen parayla bu teknolojiyi geliştirirz. Ama sonra amerikalılar dava açıyor benim license haklarımı ihlal ediyor diyo. Almanlar lan biz verdik onu size zaten diyor. Ama işte sadece bir kişi kullanabilir exclusive license o da licensee’dir ama bunun aksini istiyorsanız o hakkınızı saklı tutmanız lazım. Meseal I am reserving the advirtesment rights.
It has to be in writing and you have to specifically impress (write) that it is an exclusive license.
You can do a very broad license. You can limit the license as well. Like geographic area. (I can say I will use this patent in Turkey.) You can limit with time. ( it is automatically limited with the protection of IP) You can give two exclusive license with the limite product line. (like one is for car sector the other is for ships)
In the licensing you always keep one stick in the banch of stick. What is that? à Ownership.
Sub-licensing right is “asking licensor to bring a friend to garden of Licensing Garden”. Yani şu demek alt- kira gibi. Kiracı alt kiracıya verebilir kiralanını. Şimdi bunda licensee will be sub-licensor and the 3rd party will be sub-licensee. In agreements, you have to specifically say you get sub-licensing right otherwise you don’t get sub-licensing rights. In short, contract has to contain sub-licensing clause açıkça.
Licensingagreemnts adlı slayttayız. (other type of’la başlayan)
Distributor agreements ( I am the wolsvagen group in german, in Turkey doğuş grup is dirtributor of wolsvagen.) In general distributor agreements have licensing of Trademark. It could be others as well.
Maintenance and Support Agreements (gerekli desteği sağlayacağım sen eğer bunu alırsan filan demek gibi bişey)
2. Saat
A fully paid-up’la başlayan slayttayız.
You can have a fully paid up license. Give me 1 million dollars now and then you won’t see me again. (up front = fully paid)
Running royalties
The rates can be on sales/per unit/profit.
It is not logical to make running royalties on profit because it is really easy to play with numbers on profit. Even there is you can show there is non.
You can have a periodic fixed fees. It is not the best because your product could make more than that amout..
There can be combination of lump sum payments  and rates. The most important thing that you should remind is it should be simple.
KISS à Keep it simple stupid
Key Terms in Licensing Agreement adlı slayttayız.
Başlık olur. Sonra parties olur. Like party A and Party B… Then there is recitals (whereas) clauses and these are resolves the misunderstandings because you write why you are making this contract. Then grant clauses and limitations. Definitions would be after recitals.
Pearless case, iki tane pearless gemisi varmış. Dolayısıyla geminin geliş tarihi karışmış. Mahkeme iradelerin uyuşması olmdığından sözleşme yoktur dolayısıyla ihlalde yoktur demiş.
Look at the slides…
Licensing means that you are using your patent or TM (In Turkish law you have to use your patent)
Audit à right to control their accounting… because they can lie about the numbers to reduce the royalty payment. à Most companies do not want to give this right to other companies. In general because of this problem they agree for third party auditors. (If there is no agreement on auditing in general they do not do that. At least you cannot force them.)

29 Aralık 2011


Dispute resolution mechanism à every agreement has competence clauses. But if you have a license agreement which is international. You have to decide which court and which law will be applied. àvenue and law are problems. Because both party doesn’t want to go to other country. Because of that you have to put a dispute resolution mechanism. à So you might choose arbitration. But for this you have to put a really good arbitration clause. When it is good? à In arbitration courts judges doesn’t have to be lawyers. On very complex cases, if the amount is so high, you choose arbitration because it is faster and you can do what ever you want but you can’t in normal courts.
Other Issues adlı slayttayız;
Implied licenses (örtülü)
Shrink wrap à Yani sen anlaşmıyorsun. Ama aldığın şeyi açmanla o konuda anlaşmış sayılıyorsun. Son zamanlarda artık cd filan almadığımızdan artık buna “click licensing” diyorlar. (Exam question à per click license or shrink wrap?)
Anti-Competitive Considerations adlı slayttayız.
Netscape olayını anlattı hoca.
Exam question à Tie in ? à You tie an un protected technology in a patented technology. à That is an anti competitive license agreement whereby licensor ties in an un protected technology to a patented technology. (Sana şu teknolojiyi satarım ama bunu da alırsan diyorsun fakat bunu yaparken sen kendinin marketteki özel konumunu kullanıyorsun.)
We’ve seen 3 elements of IP law. We briefly talked about tradesecret but it is not actually IP. And we have seen Licensing agreements. All of IP rights are subject to license. Because you can transfer a patent, sell it or license it.
For your final exam, you will be responsible for whole semesther. Check-out the cases on the Linkedin.
2.saat
Bir dava var. RIM vs. NTP à RIM Blackberry’nin araştırmalarını yapan şirket. Öbür tarafta NTP diye bir şirket var. NTP kendi başına önemli. Ama davanın geneli şöyle: NTP’Nin elinde bir patent var ve bu patent blackberry’nin sisteminde kullanılan bir teknoloji. Ve diyor ki, şurada kullandığın alan benim patentim dolayısıyla dava açacağım. Amerikada açılıyor dava. Amerikada bir patent davası açılınca ihtiyadi tedbir alabiliyor. Kolayca. Yani dava çözümlenene kadar Blackberry amerika da telefon satamayacaktır. Siz Blackberry olsaydınız bu durumu düşünür müydünüz? à Tabi ki düşünürdünüz. Blackberry en önemli piyasasını kaybetmeyi düşünüyordu. RIM vs. NTP yazarsanız google’a özeti çıkacaktır. Blackberry davayı devam ettirseydi kazanacaktı. Dava devam ederken Blackberry’nin iki seçeneği vardı. Ya biz haklıyız diyecekti ya da ihtiyacı olmayan bir şekilde patenti alacaktı. Blackberry ise 650 milyon dolarlık bir anlaşma ile anlaştılar. Bu haklı mıydı? à Evet. Çünkü onlar açıklandıktan sonra 700 milyon dolar artış sağladı hisseleri. Dolayısıyla bu anlaşma ile bir günde 50 milyon dolarlık kâr ettiler.
NTP kim peki? à bu şirketin tek aktifi var. Bir tane patent. Ne bir çalışanı, ne başka bir şeyi. Yani aslında yasal bir şantaj yapıyor. NTP hukuki değimiyle NPE (non-practising enstutite deniyor = patenet troll) à Patent Troll’ler ne yapıyorlar. Patent topluyorlar ve açık gördükleri yerde büyük firmalara yasal olarak kullanıyorlar. NTP à bir troll’dür. [Exam case]

Sınav 20 soru olacaktır.  Bir kaç bonus olacaktır.
Hoca galatasaraylı…
Sloganlar copyrightable’dır. Ama hangi mekanizma daha uygun koruma için sloganda markanın daha uygun olduğunu düşünüyorum.
Cases: Loubeten, Hells Engells, Betamaks, Victoria Secret (dilution) davası, Dogavia vs Godavia (tarnishment or dilution örneği şeklinde bir soru olabilir.)
Şimdi, public display ile public performance farkı nadir? à Public perofrmanse dediğimiz hikaye o performansı yapmaktır. Nedir bu tiyatrodur, özel bir dans, konser olabilir. Bunun temelindeki copyright nadir? à Tiyatroysa onun temelinin alındığı kitaptır. (orada istisna olarak yazan (slaytta) resmi perform etmek mümkün olmadığı için)mantıken birşey var.)  Public display dediğin şey ise vitrine koymak aslında bir nevi. BU biraz daha bir resim bir heykel için geçerlidir. Yani sen bir resmin sahibiysen bunun sergilenmesini veya sergilenmemesi hakkına sahipsin gibi birşey.
Merger Doctrine à Copyrighttaki, eğer copyrightla kurduğunu iddia ettiğin texti başka bir şekilde söyleyemiyorsan. Tek yol oysa, pantentin 3 requirementı var. Bunda ne kadar yaratıcı olursa olsun bunu söylemenin başka yolu yoktur. à Yani söyleme şekli değil fikri koruma altına almamak için bu doctrine oluşmuştur.
(Exam) Right to publicity and right to privacy? à publicty biraz marka değeri de var. Privacy’nin ise bunla ilgisi yok. Bunu hoca sormayı seviyor.
(Exam) What are the two requirements of infringement of copyright? à Kesin çıkacak bu soru.
Hungry as a see “Wilber simith” (bonus question)
Early stage technology… (soru üzerine değinildi biraz üstüne…)
Audit hakkı olmazsa karşılaşacağınız problem, grant clause olursa başka ne olması lazım? (royalty clause),  preamble nedir?, whereas’in faydası nadir? Gibi sorular sorar hoca…
Lisans anlaşmasını  iki şekilde monitery etmen lazım. Bir paranı almak için bunu yapman lazım. Markalarda da senin belirlediğin prensiplere gore uyguladığını tespit etmen lazım.
What is a Safe Harbor  provisionà (exam question) (burada napster’I anlatmıştı)

IP Soruları


1-) What are the three requirements of a patent? Define each one.*
a)Novelty:
-In novelty the invention has to be new.
-Absolute novelty; there must no speech or paper about it. There must be no written or oral disclosure.
-It is compared document to document and compared with the information used before by human knowledge (prior art)
For example; if you find treatment to AIDS and give a speech in US, then you cannot get patent because the novelty is violated.
b) Inventive step:
If an average expert in this area can easily be able to apply then there is no inventive step. (For example; you know chocolate and you know kruvasan and you put it together. Everyone can easily do this. So there is no inventive step.)
c)Applicability to industry:
-It could be applied to industry.
-your invention has to be physically possible to built it. (perpetual motion machine is not possible to do under physic rules.)
2-) What is the “secondary meaning”? Give an example.*
In first place, it is not a famous trademark but later it gains the distinctiveness and becomes a powerful trademark. It loses its first meaning and second meaning gains reputation.( For example; Hilton, McDonalds are people names but when you say these word you firstly understand the second meaning.)
3-) How long the trademark can be protected?
-10 years in Turkey. After ten years you can renew it. So it is renewable.
4-)What is “applicability to industry”? Give an example.*
-It could be applied to industry.
-your invention has to be physically possible to build it. (perpetual motion machine is not possible to do under physic rules.)
5-)What is the academic exception of patents? (What is the exception of employee invention rule in Turkey?)*
If an employee invents something the owner of company gets the patent. Like in Arçelik there are some engineers making inventions but Arçelik gets the patent. The exception of this rule is if a professor(academician) invent something –even he is employee of university- could get the patent of his invention.

6-)How do you create a trademark?

7-)What is dillution? *
It is a type of infringement which is only applied to valuable, powerful, strong trademarks. Normally a trademark is protected in only the area of the company work, but in these kind of powerful trademarks it is protected in all areas. And even the small infringements which could constitute consumer misunderstanding (like McSleep Hotels) and affect the value of company will cause dillution. It has two types. In blurring, there is no likelihood of confusion necessary. Defendant uses plaintiffs mark reducing the strong association of plaintiffs mark with its good. (McSleep Hotels à McDonalds’ blurring image) In tarnishment, defendant uses plaintiffs mark in an unwholesome manner. (Godiva vs. Dogivaà Godiva does not want its consumers eating chocolate remember dog food.)

8-) What are the difference between utility model and patent?*
-Utility model will be protected for ten years but patents will be protected for 20 years.
-Utility model procedure is fast and cheap but patent procedure expensive and slow.
-In utility model there is no inventive step but patent has an inventive step.

9-) What is the difference between trade secret and patent?
Trade secret has value in trade. It gives a competitive advantage and it is an information. On the other hand, patent can be also used in trade. But the protection of patent is absolute and for limited time. But in trade secret there is no protection under IP law but it has no limit for time. Like Coca Cola’s formula is a trade secret. With this Coca Cola is still protecting (125 years) its formula. If Coca Cola would have chosen the patent, after 20 years everyone could use its formula.

10-) What is the enabling disclosure?*
It is not important that the product is available or not in theory, the important thing is how to build it. (Like every people can thing about flying cars. But you if you make a flying car you can get patent for it)

11-) Can you patent an idea? Why?
No. Ideas cannot be protected because patent does not protect how you think to do it. It protects what you invent on the end of invention steps. Steps must be given in detail. You have to disclose how you do this stuff. (Star Wars’ Gleamsword cannot be patented unless it is really done in real world.)

12-) When the patent protection over? (How long patent protection continues?)
The protection starts with the date of application and continues for 20 years. So patents over 20 years later from application date.

13-) How many option when you invent something?
3 options: You can choose patent, utility model, trade secret.

14-) What is the difference between generic term and secondary meaning?*
In secondary meaning firstly it is not a good trademark but later it gains the distinctiveness and became a good trademark. It looses its first meaning but second meaning gains reputation. In generic marks, trademark stated to describe the product. The trademark looses its distinctiveness and become generic.
Whereas in secondary meaning trademark is gaining distinctiveness, in generic term trademark loses its distinctiveness. (Like Mc Donald’s for secondary meaning and for generic term zipper, selpak) If a trademark gains a secondary meaning it will be protected but if a trademark becomes generic term the protection is over and cannot be renewable any longer.

15-) What is priority period? (How many months you have to apply to international patent systems?)
Instead of going each country to register your patent, you can use international patent system called EPC or PCT and you have 12 months from the application date at Turkey to apply to these systems… And the protection given by another country starts at the same time with application date. So in that 12 months period (to the date you apply) you have priority. We call this priority period.
16-)What is the difference of trade mark and patent?*
-Patents for inventions but trademarks for symbols, words, phrases etc.
-While patent will be protected for 20 years, trademarks’ protection is 10 years.
-Unlike patent, trademark protections are renewable.
-There is no international trademark system but there is international patent systems like PCT; EPC.
17-)Compare novelty and prior art?
The term –prior art- constitutes all information that has been made available to public in any form before a given date that might be relevant to a patens claim of originality. Invention has been described in prior art, a patent is not valid.
18-)Why do you need patent protection?
When you invent something, you can sell it to other people. But if you sell it without patent protection, the other people can sell it too. So if there is 100.000 consumers and 10 sellers your market will be 10.000. But if you protect it you will have a market with 100.000 consumers. So we need patent because we as an inventor want to have more consumers to sell our product and be prior to the other competitors. We kind of want to be monopoly… And you can get some money from the infringers.

19-) Who can get patent protection?
Inventor must be only a natural person. It cannot be legal persons. However applicant for patent may be legal or natural person. So natural or legal persons can get patent protection.

20-) What is the international patent systems?
There is two international patent system; PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) and EPC (European Patent Convention). In these systems there is no single application and single protection. You have to apply for all countries. But if you apply to TPO (Turkish Patent Office) for protection in some other countries in one application, they make copies of these applications and send them to the countries national patent offices. So you will be able to have patent protection in different countries.

21-)What is the difference between inventive step and novelty ?*
1. sorudaki cevaplara bakınız.

22-) Which law regulate the trademark in Turkey?
556 Decree Law

23-) Which law regulate the patent in Turkey?
551 Patent Law




Bonus QUESTİONS

1)      Where is WIPO? à Genova
2)      First stars wars (episode 4) – 1977
3)      Time machine car in “back to the future” à Dolare 1984
4)      Gleam Sword- Obi Wan Kenobi (died in 4th episode)
5)      Thomas Edison patented the light bulb, but actually Nicola Tesla invented the light bulb.


1) What does “TRIPS” mean?

Agreement on Trade Related Aspect on Intellectual Property Rights. (En az şunu yazın: Trade Related to Intellectual Property.)

2)What the copyright protects?
Movies, books, music, software, blueprints etc.

3)What are the two things that shows you copied something? (How do you prove infringement of copyright?)
-Access to original work, -Strikingly Similarity

4)What is the first sale doctrine?
First sale doctrine has two faces; the first is you cannot make a new product (like photocopy) but on the other hand you get the copyright for that product so you can do whatever you want (like you can sell it to someone else or you can burn the book)

5)What is shrink wrap and click licensing?
By opening the package of product, it is accepted that purchaser agrees the terms of license agreement. Click licensing is the same thing with shrink wrap but for internet version. When you click the button “I agree with fallowing”, you become a party of license agreement.

6)What is mean issue of Napster Case?
Napster was a file sharing site which people were sharing music. Music companies sued the Napster because of copyright infringement. Even Napster wasn’t sharing the mp3 files, they made it possible to infringe. So Napster was sued by “contributory infringement”. They checked the statistic of sharing and the result was 99% mp3 files. Court said your main aim is not something else so Napster loses the case. (Court was checking “is their main aim is something else or just helping people to ifnringe”)

7)What is license?
It is a promise not sue for infringement in exchange of money. It is not transferring of title so it is not selling the IP right.

8)Can a license agreement be oral?
No. It has to be written and it is a mandatory requirement. (Sıhhat şartı) For exclusive license you have to write into agreement clearly.

9)How can you limit a license agreement? (Can the license agreement be limited?
Yes. You can limit the scope of license agreement by time, geographic scope and sector. But can you limit a patent license for 25 years? à No because patents expiry in 20 years. So the limitation has a limit with IP duration.

10)What does “tie in” mean?
It means if you want to buy this, you also have to buy the other. The licensor tie the unprotected technology in the protected technology. It is an anti-competitive license agreement.

11) What is the NPE?
Non-practicing Entity. It is a patent troll which collects patents from everywhere they found, and then they use these patent to sue big companies and get lots of moneys.
12)What is “safe harbor” provision?
Youtube does not upload the videos, it just make it possible for people to upload the videos. Therefore Youtube act in contributory infringement with the infringers. So Youtube is liable for this infringement normally, however there is safe harbor provisions saying that Youtube cannot deal with all the infringements. So if copyright holder notice to youtube or youtube knows that there is an infringement, youtube must delete the files. Otherwise youtube is responsible. But if youtube deletes in reasonable time then youtube cannot be responsible for contributory infringement.

13)What is the main issue of Sony-Betamax case?
Sony had a product called Betamax which can record TV programs. TV channels sued the Sony because people were recording their programs with that machine. They claimed that Sony was doing contributory infringement. Sony had an argument that people copying those programs not for economical purpose but time-shifting. So their main goal is not to infringe copyright but to make people able watch programs. So sony won the case.

14)What is the difference of “right of publicity” and “right of privacy”?
In right of privacy, person’s private life is protected but this doesn’t have an infringement of IP law. In right of publicity, person’s IP rights are protected like trademark values. In privacy you take pictures of Brad Pitt’s pictures in his home. In publicity you press his photo on bags. (Publicity- Use of one’s identity for commercial use, privacy- unwanted intrusion)

15)What is the “merger doctrine”?
Idea is not protected normally, but if there is no other way to express the idea, then the idea and the expression way are merged. If you protect the expression then you protect the idea. In result, in these situation you cannot get Copyright Protection for these things. (E=mc2)

16)What does the “fixation” mean?
Making it tangible in the real life.

17)What does “Fair Use” mean?
Fair use is a defence. You are being sued by copyright infringement. In this defence you accept that you did infringe but you have a right to do that. (Like, Criticism – comment, News reporting, Teaching, Scholarship research, Parody, Reverse engineering (decompile) ok if for access to the unprotected ideas, Non profit educational purpose /nature of orignal work / the amount / the effect on potential value) But fair use must be proportionate.
Bonus Question

1) Who wrote “James Bond”?-->Ian Flemming
2) Who is the first “James Bond”?-->Sean Connery as Dr. No. (1962)
3)Who is the first lady of France?-->Carla Bruni
4) What is GBA?-->Galata Business Angels
5) What is the deepest hole in the whole world? àMarien Falls
6)What is the CIPO? à Chief IP officer

7)Who is the writer of “Jurassic Park”? àMichael Chrichton, Director is  Steven Spielberg.

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